Friday, January 14, 2011

CHAPTER 1 : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,THE INTERNET & YOU

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHT
  1. Explain the 5 parts of an information system : people, procedures, software, hardware, and data.
  2. Distinguish between system software and application software.
  3. Discuss the 3 kinds of system software programs.
  4. Distinguish between basic and specialized application software.
  5. Identify the 4 types of computers and the 4 types of microcomputers.
  6. Describe the different types of computer hardware including the system unit, input, output, storage, and communication devices.
  7. Define data and describe document, worksheet, database, and presentation files.
  8. Explain computer connectivity, the wireless revolution, and the internet.



FIVE PARTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
  • People :
       > The most important part of any information system. 
       > Divided into direct and indirect.
       > Direct contact is when we connect to the Internet or we   
          create documents using a word processing program.
       > For the other times, the contact is not as obvious.
       > We use computers in many area such as entertainment, 
          business, education, and medicine.







      
  • Procedure :
       > The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using
          software, hardware, and data.
       > These procedures are typically documented in manuals
          written by computer specialists.
       > Software and hardware manufacturers provide manuals 
          with their products.

  • Software :
         > A program consists of the step-by-step instrutions that tell 
         the computer how to do its work.
      > Another name for a program or programs.
      > The purpose of software is to convert data (unprocessed
         facts) into information (processed facts).
      > 2 kinds of software :
        
         1) System sortware :
             -Enables the application software to  interact with the
                computer hardware.
             -"background" software that helps the computer
               manage its own internal resources.
                -Collection of programs included :
           
             i) Operating systems
                 ~ Programs that coordinate computer resources,
                    provide an interface between users and computer,
                    and run applications.
                 ~ Eg. Windows Vista and the Mac OS X.
Windows Vista



Mac OS X operating sysrems
          

             ii) Utilities
                 ~ Perform specific tasks related to managing
                    computer resources.
                 ~ Eg. Disk Defragmenter.


Disk Defragmenter

           iii) Device drivers
                ~ Specialized programs designed to allow particular
                   input or output devices to communicate with the
                   rest of the computer system.



         2) Application software :
             -Described as end user software.
             -Categorized into 2 types:
             i) Basic applications
                 ~ Widely used in nearly all career areas.
                 ~ Is a browser to navigate, explore, and find
                    information on the internet.
                 ~ Eg. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape's
                    Navigator.

Microsoft's Internet Explorer

            ii) Specialized applications
                 ~ Include thousands of other programs that are
                    more narrowly focused on specific disciplines and
                    occupations.
                 ~ Eg. graphics, audio, video, multimedia, Web
                    authoring, and artificial intelligence programs.
                                                     

  • Hardware :
      > 4 types of  hardware :                              
         
          1) Supercomputers :
               -most powerful type of computer
               -special high-capacity computers

          2) Mainframe computers :
               -not nearly as powerful as supercomputers
               -great processing speeds & data storage
         
          3) Minicomputers : 
               -also known as midrange computers
               -medium-sized companies or departments of large 
                companies typically use them for specific purpose
        
          4) Microcomputers :
               -the least powerful
               -widely used & fastest-growing type of computer
               -4 types of microcomputers :
                  
                i) Desktop computer:
                    ~ small enough to fit on top of @ alongside a desk
                       yet are too big to carry around

              ii) Notebook computer :
                    ~ also known as laptop computer
                    ~ portable, lightweight, & fit into most brief cases


              iii) Tablet PC :
                    ~ a type of notebook computer that accepts your
                       handwriting
                    ~ this input is digitized & converted to standard text


             iv) Handheld computers :
                   ~ smallest & designed to fit into the palm of one    
                      hand
                    ~ contain an entire computer system, including the
                       electronic components, secondary storage, &
                       input & ouput devices
                    ~ Personal digital assistants(PDAs) & smartphones
                        are the most widely used


     > 4 types of microcomputer hardware :

        1) System unit :
            - a container that houses most of the electronic
              compenents that make up a computer system
            - 2 important compenents:
               ~ microprocessor : controls & manipulates data to       
                  produce information
               ~ memory : a holding area for data, instructions, &  
                  information

       2) Input/output :
            - input devices : translate data & programs that humans
              can understand into a form that the computer can
              process. Exp: keyboard, mouse
            - output devices : translate the processed information
              from the computer into  a form that humans can
              understand. Exp:monitors,printers


       3) Secondary storage:
            - holds data & programs even after electrical power to
              the computer system has been turned off
            - Important kinds of secondary media are hard disks,
              solid-state storage, & optical disks

       4) Communication :
           - using communication devices, a microcomputer can
               communicate with other computer systems

     

  • Data:
       > The raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers,
           images, and sounds, are called data.
       > Processed data yields information.
       > For example of a payroll program, the data ( numbers of
          hours worked and pay rate ) is processed (multiplied) to
          yield information (weekly pay).
       > When stored electronically in files, data can be used
          directly as input for the system unit.
       > There are 4 common types of files:
          ~Document files, created by word processors to save
            documents such as memos, term paper, and letter.





              ~ Worksheet files, created bt electronic spreadsheet to
              analyze things like budgets and to predict sales.




              ~ Database files, created by database management
               programs to contain highly structured and organized 
               data.



              ~ Presentation files, created by presentation graphics  
              programs to save presentation materials.




CONNECTIVITY, THE WIRELESS REVOLUTION, & THE INTERNET

          > Connectivity describing the ability of end users to tap
             into resourses well beyond their desktops.
             Network are connected computers that shares data and
             sources.
          > The wireless revolution is the widespread and
              increasing use of mobile (wireless)
              communication devices.
          > The Internet is the world's largest computer network. 
             The Web provides a multimedia interface to resources
             available on the Internet. 


CAREERS IN IT

Webmaster, Computer support specialist, Technical writer, Software engineer, Network administrator, Database administrator, Systems analyst, & Programmer









***Information is getting from the book - Computing Essential 2011

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