CHAPTER 15 : YOUR FUTURE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY & ORGANIZATION

Technology can make a change from the several principal, it is new products, new enterprises & new customer and supplier relationships.

NEW PRODUCTS :

• Technology can make the products become operate faster, priced cheaper, better quality, & wholly new products.
• The producers can produce @ create their new products follow by the particular customer's needs intro to market.
• They can produce the differences @ variety of design partern of the products, so this can attract more customers come to buy the products.
• The products that they are produce must have a big differences of the design compare to others producers.
• To produces a new products, they need using a long time period & the producers must thinks about their products can brings the profits @ not.
• To produce a new product, it also is a adventure investment.

NEW ENTERPRISES :

• Information technology can build entirely a new businesses.
• 2 exp : Internet service providers & Web site development companies.
• The companies can use the advanced technology via the internet to do their business.
• This can make them can follow up the moden life today.
• Most of the companies are using internet to do their new business @ new enterprises, this can make them more convenience & not need go out from their working place to others company.
• This also can give their customers @ business partners to know about their new informations that are updated, so this can give them more understand the new condition.

NEW CUSTOMER & SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS

• Businesses that make their information systems easily available may make their customers less likely to take their business elsewhere.
• The suppliers can make a good relationship & try to understand with their customers through the conversation when making a trade.
• Through this method, this can make a lot of banefit @ advantages to their business, such as profits, reputation of the companies.
• The suppliers must using a polite attitude, suitable language to give a services to their customers, so that can give their customers have a good impression.
• This will lead the company earn as much money as possible if the customers purchase the products they are produces.  

Citation :
- More informations are come from Computing Essentials Complete 2010

Overall view

Programs

• Program ia s list of instructions for the computer to follow to acomplish the task of processing data into information.

Programming

• Programming, also known as software development, is a six-step procedure for creating the list of instructions.
• The six steps are program specification, program design, program code, program test, program documentation, and program maintenance.



Software development



Step 1: Program Specification 

• also called program definition or program analysis
• requires that the programmer and end user to specify five items: program's objectives, desired output, input data required, processing requirements, and documentation
• objectives is the problems you are trying to solve

Step 2: Program Design

• plan a program, preferably using structured programming techniques
• these techniques are top-down program design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures
• in top-down design, major processing steps, called program modules, are identified
• in pseudocode, a narrative expression of the logic of the program is written
• in program flowcharts, graphic representation of the steps needed to solve the programming program is drawn
• in logic structures, three arrangements are used in program flowcharts to write structured programs

Step 3: Program Code

• writing the program is called coding
• one of the best ways to code effective programs is to write so-called structured programs
• Content-markup language: uses symbols, words, and phrases that instruct a computer how to structure information for display or processing
• Programming language: uses a collection of symbols, words, and phrases that instruct computer to perform specific operations

Step 4: Program Test

• debugging refers to the process of testing and then eliminating errors
• running the program on a computer and then fixing the parts that do not work
• programming errors are syntax errors and logic errors
• Syntax error: a violation of the rules of the programming language
• Logic error: occurs when the programmer uses an incorrect calculation or leaves out a programming procedures
• Testing methods are
• Desk checking
• Manually testing with sample data
• Attempt at translation
• Testing sample data on the computer
• Testing by a select group of potential users

Step 5: Program Documentation

• Documentation: consists of written descriptions and procedures about a program and how to use it
• carried on throughtout all the programming steps
• typically within the program itself and in printed documents
• all the prior documentation is reviewd, finalized, and distributed
• important for users, operators and programmers

Step 6: Program Maintenance

• to ensure that current programs are operating error free, efficiently, and effectively
• activities in this step are operations and changing needs
• Operations: concern locating and correcting operational errors, marking programs easier to use, and standardizing software using structured programming techniques
• Changing needs: Programs need to be adjusted for a variety reasons, including new tax laws, new information needs, and new company plocicies as the changing needs is unavoidable

CHAPTER 14 PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES

PSEUDO CODE

An outline of a program, written in a form that can easily be converted into real programming statements. For example, the pseudocode for a bubble sortroutine might be written:

while not at end of list
compare adjacent elements
if second is greater than first
switch them
get next two elements
if elements were switched
repeat for entire list

Pseudocode cannot be compiled nor executed, and there are no real formatting or syntax rules. It is simply one step - an important one - in producing the final code. The benefit of pseudocode is that it enables theprogrammer to concentrate on the algorithms without worrying about all the syntactic details of a particular programming language. In fact, you can write pseudocode without even knowing what programming language you will use for the final implementation.

Pseudocode Example

This is the pseudocode for a Game of Monopoly, including one person's move as a procedure:

Main Procedure Monopoly_Game
    Hand out each player's initial money.
    Decide which player goes first.
    Repeat
        Call Procedure Monopoly_Move for next player.
        Decide if this player must drop out.
    Until all players except one have dropped out.
    Declare the surviving player to be the winner.

Procedure Monopoly_Move
    Begin one's move.
    Throw the dice.
    Move the number of spaces on the board shown on the dice.
    If the token landed on "Go to Jail,"
        then go there immediately.
    Else if the token landed on "Chance" or "Community Chest,"
        then draw a card and follow its instructions.
    Else
        follow the usual rules for the square (buying property,
        paying rent, collecting $200 for passing "Go", etc.).
    End one's move.

http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/assmbly/intro.htm

CITATION :

1. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/pseudocode.html

2.http://www.wiley.com/college/busin/icmis/oakman/outline/chap05/slides/pseudo.htm

PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION

Program Documentation is :

• a kind of documentation that gives a comprehensive procedural description of a program.
• It shows as how the software is written.
• Describes what exactly a program does by mentioning about the requirements of the input data & the effect of performing a programming task.
• The instruction manual for a programming language like Java @ for understanding a word processor can come out in the scope of program documentation.
• Description languages used are informal & to make easy for the end-user.
• The contents should be concise so the person who reads it doesn't have to spend too much time to find what they are looking for.
• End-user they are the user-friendly language about the software.
• In this step, all the prior documentation is reviewed, finalized & distributed.
• Documentation is important for people who may be involved with the program in the future, they are users, operators & programmers.
• Developer documentation usually consists of tools that will simplify any development task.

http://downloadsoftwarestore.com/software/subcategory/78/2

http://www.techrepublic.com/software/code-visual-for-java-20-build-042-windows/717259

Citations :
-  http://www.blurtit.com/q986115.html
-  http://www.literateprogramming.com/documentation.pdf

PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES

HOW TO :

Detecting and removing invalid URLs using Google WebMaster Tools

There are two reasons why pages are indexed in Google even though they don’t exist in your website:

1. You referenced an invalid internal link by mistake because of a typo. This is the time to recommend a very simple yet essential plugin for post authors – the Link to Post plugin for avoiding such mistakes).
2. You published a post and decided to change its permalink afterwards (the post’s URL) after Google has already indexed the original link.

--I'm here to intoduce to u all the best way to detect these errors is by using Google Webmaster Tools (GWT). If you haven’t done so already, you should register it. It’s an essential tool to have for anyone running a website.
--One of the most important tools provided in GWT is the Remove URL tool, which allows you to remove invalid pages from Google search results.


Let’s see the steeps and how to remove those bad URLs from Google’s index:

Detecting invalid pages that are indexed by Google
Once you have signed up for Google Webmaster Tools and have set it up and verified your site (see Google’s Getting Started guide for GWT), here is the process for finding invalid pages.
1. Click on Diagnostics from the left menu and select Crawl Errors.
2. Select the Not Found category.
3. If available, click to view which page contains the broken link.
4. To make sure that the URL is indeed indexed in Google, copy and paste the URL into Google’s search and see if any result comes up.
(PLS FOLLOW THE BELOW ILLUSTRATION)

Removing URLs from Google’s search results

1. Click on Site Configuration, and select Crawl Access.
2. Select Remove URL.
3. Click on New removal request.
(PLS FOLLOW THE BELOW ILLUSTRATION)




4. Select the first option to completely remove a page from Google search results.
OR
Select the fourth option in case you want to retain the page in search results but would like to remove the cached version of the page. This is useful in case Google displays an outdated version of the page in the "cached" link.
5. Click on Next.
(PLS FOLLOW THE BELOW ILLUSTRATION)



6. Type the URL of the page you would like to remove from Google.
7. Make sure the first option is selected and then click on Add.
8. The URL to be removed should now appear in the list. If you want, you can add more pages for removal.
9. Click on Submit Removal Request.
(PLS FOLLOW THE BELOW ILLUSTRATION)



Your request is now pending—in most cases, it only takes 2 to 3 days for Google to remove the URL.
10. Click on Site Configuration and select Crawl Access.
11. Select Remove URL.
12. Make sure the URL you requested to remove does not appear in the list of pending requests.
13. Click on Removed URLs to see that the URL is now listed there.
To make sure that the URL was indeed removed from Google, copy and paste the URL into Google’s search box and see if any result comes up.
(PLS FOLLOW THE BELOW ILLUSTRATION)




CITaTioN:
http://sixrevisions.com/website-management/find-remove-broken-links/

CHAPTER14 - PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 

• artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. 
• used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication.
• The first programming languages predate the modern computer.
• The 19th century had "programmable"looms and player piano scrolls which implemented what are today recognized as examples of domain-specific languages.   
• In the 1940s, the first electrically powered digital computers were created.  
• The first high- level programming languages to be designed for a computer was Plankalkul , developed for the German Z3 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945.   

                       http://www.mylot.com/w/photokeywords/programming+language.aspx                                    




Specification of Programming Languages

• intended to provide a definition that the language users and the implementors can use to determine whether the behavior of a program is correct, given its source code. 
• A programming language specification can take several forms, including the following:  

1. An explicit definition of the syntax, static semantics, and execution semantics of the language

• While syntax is commonly specified using a formal grammar, semantic definitions may be written in natural language (e.g., as in the C language)  

     2.  A reference or model implementation  , sometimes written in the language being specified  

• The syntax and semantics of the language are explicit in the behavior of the reference implementation. 
• Example : Prolog or ANSI REXX  

     3.  A description of the behavior of a translator for the language  

• The syntax and semantics of the language have to be inferred from this description, which may be written in natural or a formal language.   
• Example : the C++  and Fortran specifications  

What Does a Programming Languages Do?

• A programming language is used to write computer programs such as : 

1. applications 
2. utilities 
3. servers 
4. systems programs 

• A program is written as a series of human understandable computer instructions that can be read by a compiler and linker, and translated into machine code so that a computer can understand and run it.  

Examples Of Programming Languages

1. These languages include Assembler, C or C++. 
2. Operating systems like Linux or Windows are written in C and C++.   
3. In the late 40s and early 50s, computer programs were entered by flicking switches.  
4. It was quickly realised how inefficient and slow that was and computer languages soon appeared.  
5. Through the 60s and 70s, these languages :  

• Fortran  
• Cobol
• Basic   

Programming Languages that Now Use 

• Java and C++ with C# starting to gain popularity and C holding its own.
• have many attempts to automate this process, and have computers write computer programs but the complexity is such that for now, humans still write the best computer programs.  

NEWS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• The widely used C++ programming language is about to be updated, as the ISO steering committee for the language has approved the final draft specifying its next version.    
• The ISO/IEC Information Technology Task Force (ITTF) will review the steering committee's Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) will review and barring any complications, publish the draft later this year. 
• It will be known as C++ 2011. 
• Although sometimes derided for its complexity,  C++ appears to be the third most popular programming language in use today, trailing only Java and C,  according to the most recent Tiobe survey  of programming languages.

                    
                                                          http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/3rd.html  

                        
         http://malaysiacrunch.blogspot.com/2009/01/most-popular-programming-languages.html 

Citation :

•  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language  
•  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language#History 
• http://cplus.about.com/od/introductiontoprogramming/p/programming.htm 
• http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/223486/iso_finalizes_c_update.html

Short, brief note...

System analysis and design

• a six-phase problem-solving procedure for examining and improving an information system
• make up the systems life cycle

http://www.google.com.my/imglandingq=system+life+cycle&hl=en&sa=X&tbm=isch&tbnid=9e2wkzFCjuH73M:&imgrefurl=http://www.computing2008.com/dvd:analysis&imgurl=http://www.computing2008.com/computing2008/_media/dvd:141a.jpg%253Fw%253D%2526h%253D%2526cache%253Dcache&ei=nZKQTdeKJIq4vgO0kpCoDQ&zoom=1&w=252&h=247&iact=hc&oei=kJKQTau6JdC9ceXF9ZYK&page=3&tbnh=135&tbnw=138&start=37&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:37&biw=1366&bih=624


Phase 1 : Preliminary investigation

• determine the need for a new information system
• concerned with three tasks : define the problem, suggest alternative solutions and prepare a short report
• accomplish by interviewing and making observations
• if information system is large, the survey is done by systems analyst
• if information system is small, the survey can done by end user
• report may include schedules for further development of the project and presented to higher management

Phase 2 : Systems analysis

• data is collected about the present system
• new requirements are determined for a new system
• concerned with gathering and analyzing data
• completed by documenting the analysis in report
• organization chart : shows levels of management and formal lines of authority
• systems analysis report : describes the current information system, the requirements for a new system,and a possible development schedule

http://www.google.com.my/imglandingq=system+design+in+system+life+cycle&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=624&tbm=isch&tbnid=zdd8ixYJ5hBvM:&imgrefurl=http://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes_devel/SE/Jul2006/html/ch02s04.html&imgurl=http://www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes_devel/SE/Jul2006/html/images/02_005.png&ei=156QTYe4D467ce-drJIK&zoom=1&w=736&h=409


Phase 3 : Systems design 

• consists of three tasks : design alternative systems, select the best system and write a systems design report
• evaluate the alternative system for economic,technical and operational feasibility
• system design report is prepared for higher management and describes the alternative designs

Phase 4 : Systems development

• has three steps : acquiring software, acquiring hardware and testing the new system
• application software can be purchased as off-the-shelf packaged software and possibly modified, or it can be custom designed
• suggests that an electronic mailbox be installed for maintaining security
• the processed information is evaluated to see whether results are correct

Phase 5 : Systems implementation

• another name is conversion
• process of changing from old system to the new one and training people to use the new system
• four approaches to conversion : direct, parallel, pilot and phased
• direct approach : abandon the old, very risky, not recommended
• parallel approach : run old and new side by side, very low risky, however very expensive, not generally recommended
• pilot approach : convert part of organization first, less expensive but riskier than parallel conversion, recommended for situations with many people performing similar operations
• phased approach : implement gradually, less risky but more expensive than parallel conversion, recommended for situations with many people performing different operations

Phase 6 : Systems maintenance

• ongoing activity
• spend more time and money on this phase 
• has two parts : a systems audit and a periodic evaluation
• in systems audit, the system's performance is compared to original design specifications 
• to determine whether the new procedures are actually furthering productivity
• all systems are evaluated from time to time to determine whether they are meeting goals

Reference :
computing essentials 2011